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/"^ie^^^  <2>ir^-^e^ '^^^-^^.-^^-^    -2?    "^-^ 


THE  HAND  OF  GOD 


WITH  THE  BLACK  RACE. 


^  disoourseW. 


DELIVERED    BEFORE    THE 


lemispiijaina  l^aloiii^iitioii  ^ocicti), 


REV.  ALEXANDER  T.  McGILL,  D.  1)., 


PROFESSOR  IN  THE  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY,    AT  PRINCETON,    S.  J. 


PUBLISHED  BY  REQUEST. 


g. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

WILLIAM    P.    GEDDKS,   PRINTER,    320   CHESTNUT    STKEET. 

1862. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2010  with  funding  from 

Princeton  Theological  Seminary  Library 


http://www.archive.org/details/handofgodwithbOOmcgi 


THE  HAND  OF  GOD 


WITH  THE  BLACK  RACE. 


A.  DISCOURSE 


DELIVERED    BEFORE    THE 


(U 


mm)Mm  Coloiu^ation  ^ucietg, 


KEY.  ALEXANDER  T.  McGILL,  D.  D., 


PROFESSOR  IN  THE  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY,   AT  PRINCETON,   N.  J. 


PUBLISHED  BY  REQUEST. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

WILLIAM   P.    GEDDES,   PRINTER,    320   CHESTNUT    STREET. 

1862. 


THE  HAND  OF  GOD  WITH  THE  BLACK  EACE. 


' '  And  liatli  made  of  one  blood  all  nations  of  men  for  to  dwell  on  all  the  face  of 
the  earth,  and  hath  determined  the  times  before  appointed,  and  the  bounds  of 
their  habitation." — Acts  xvii.  26. 

Institutes  of  natural  religion  are  condensed  with  admirable  skill,  in  this 
text  and  its  connections.  And  as  propounded  here,  they  are  alike  adap- 
ted to  lead  the  heathen  forward,  and  the  Christian  backward,  with  profitable 
lessons.  The  cogeney  with  which  they  shut  up  the  refined  idolaters  of 
Athens  to  "Jesus  and  the  resurrection,"  is  reciprocated  now,  by  the  force 
with  which  the  Gospel  sends  us  back  to  these  dictates,  as  required  in  its 
own  progress  and  triumph.  Events  of  history  add  new  interest  to  this 
reciprocal  tie  of  nature  and  inspiration  every  day.  The  light  of  reason, 
the  voice  of  revelation,  and  the  finger  of  Providence,  combine  as  they  never 
combined  before,  to  call  our  attention  to  these  four  things  which  the 
analysis  of  this  portion  fairly  presents  to  us. 

1st.  The  unity  of  our  whole  race  as  it  sprung  from  the  hand  of  its 
Maker:  2nd.  The  special  Providence  which  governs  the  times  or 
events  of  any  people :  Zrd.  The  special  Providence  which  fxes  their 
place  in  the  world :  ith.  TJie  manifest  aim,  alike  of  creation  and 
Providence,  in  dealing  with  all  races,'  to  bring  men  at  last  to  the 
knowledge  of  Himself  . 

I.  In  the  very  same  year — the  year  1620 — there  came  to  this  continent 
two  portions  of  the  human  race,  the  most  opposite,  in  all  respects,  that  could  be 
found  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  The  one  was  white,  and  the  other  was  black ; 
the  one  was  free,  the  other  captive ;  the  one  was  enlightened,  the  other  igno- 
rant ;  the  one  was  elevated  with  the  best  intelligence  that  ever  dawned 
upon  the  world,  the  other  debased  with  the  darkest  delusions  that  ever 
invaded  our  guilty  nature.  The  one  were  so  much  the  masters  of  their 
own  destiny,  that  the  raging  elements  of  the  sea,  the  frowning  terrors  of 


the  wilderness,  a  barren  coast,  a  savage  hostility  before  them,  and  a 
haughty  despotism  behind  them,  could  not  hinder  them,  with  scanty  means 
and  scanty  numbers,  from  achieving,  in  less  than  two  hundred  years,  results 
which  no  other  ten  centuries  ever  attained,  for  the  most  favored  people 
under  heaven.  The  other  were  so  much  the  mere  products  of  time  and 
chance,  that  they  seemed  to  have  no  destiny  whatever.  Though  sprung 
upon  the  richest  soil  beneath  the  sun,  and  carried  to  the  fairest  clime  and 
culture  of  a  new  world,  there  was  no  mastery  of  anything  laid  to  their 
hands  with  all  the  exuberance  of  material  advantage  ;  but  prone,  passive, 
and  helpless,  they  could  hardly  compete  with  the  beasts  of  the  field,  in  the 
dignity  of  a  chattel  indenture  ;  which  constituted  their  only  bill  of  rights 
among  the  children  of  men.  These  two  opposite  portions  were  the  pilgrims 
who  came  to  Plymouth  in  the  Mayflower ;  and  the  first  cargo  of  African 
slaves  that  came  to  Jamestown,  Virginia,  in  a  Dutch  man-of-war. 

The  Puritans  who  came  here  were  the  best  of  that  name  ;  and  the  Afri- 
cans who  came  were  the  worst,  probably,  of  that  name,  being  the  negroes 
of  the  coast,  always  found  to  be  the  most  depraved  and  abused  in  Africa. 
It  is  singular  that  these  arrivals  occurred  in  the  same  year;  and  singular, 
that  the  best  specimens  of  humanity,  and  the  worst,  should  be  placed 
simultaneously  in  this  land,  on  which  men  of  all  lands  have  been  made  to 
look  ever  since,  with  surpassing  interest.  As  if  "the  Maker  of  us  all" 
would  summon  the  whole  earth  to  witness  on  this  magnificent  theatre,  not 
the  boast  of  Americans  themselves,  the  experiment  of  self-government,  the 
movements  of  regulated  liberty,  the  progress  of  a  model  and  mighty  Re- 
public ;  but  to  witness  the  truth  of  the  first  proposition  of  my  text,  that, 
"He  hath  made  of  one  blood  all  nations  of  men." 

This  collocation,  side  by  side,  in  the  same  twelvemonth,  of  the  most 
exalted  and  the  most  debased,  of  what  we  call  the  human  species,  has 
surely  not  resulted,  in  what  would  have  been  the  result  of  a  start  together, 
of  two  diverse  and  repellant  progenies,  in  the  original  of  their  being. 
Remember,  what  was  then  considered  the  superior  race,  in  view  of  both 
the  hemispheres ;  the  proudest  coevals  which  the  Puritans  had  upon  the 
face  of  the  globe — the  Spaniards.  How  have  we  distanced  them,  in  arts, 
and  arms,  and  riches,  and  power  ;  until  a  stranger  to  history  might  almost 
as  well  question,  whether  the  Spaniard,  any  more  than  the  African,  has 


descended  from  the  same  Adam,  with  the  Anglo-Saxon.  We  have  not 
been  able,  with  all  the  neglect  and  wrong  of  the  relation,  so  to  distance 
the  black  man.  Bound  to  the  chariot  wheels  of  our  own  progress,  by  an 
original  hap,  which  made  him  a  clog,  that  we  would  gladly  have  pushed 
off  at  every  stadium  of  our  career,  he  has  notwithstanding  ascended  steadily 
the  car  itself;  and  in  spite  of  the  reluctance  of  every  party  professing  to 
be  friend  or  foe,  that  darkened,  trampled,  outcast  portion  of  humanity 
has  become,  in  one  sense,  of  fearful  import,  master  of  our  destiny  as  a 
nation ;  although  even  in  point  of  numbers,  not  one  sixth  part  of  the 
whole,  and  in  point  of  rank,  not  one  ninth  of  this  sixth  part  be  yet  free 
from  the  bondage  to  which  they  were  imported  originally.  Great  as  we 
are  and  proud  as  we  have  been,  the  question  of  our  existence  in  the  eyes 
of  the  whole  world  depends  on  the  solution  of  the  problem,  what  to  do 
with  the  black  race.  And  we  perish  among  the  nations,  if  that  solution 
be  made  on  any  other  terms,  than  a  full  recognition  of  the  simple  truth 
which  is  here  affirmed,  that  they  are  of  one  blood  with  ourselves. 

Since  the  tumult  began  of  that  civil  war  which  now  afflicts  us,  I  have 
not  heard  at  all  from  that  ethnological  school,  which,  for  some  twelve  or 
thirteen  years,  had  been  steadily  diffusing  in  the  Southern  mind  a  contra- 
diction of  eternal  truth,  in  this  particular.  With  the  exception  of  a  few 
infidels  at  the  North,  and  these  imported  for  the  most  part  from  Europe, 
the  tractarians  of  this  school  belong  entirely  to  the  South  ;  and  even  there 
they  have  been  met  by  certain  able  Christian  teachers,  such  as  Bachman, 
and  Smyth  of  Charleston,  with  unanswerable  power. 

It  is  far  beyond  our  limits  here,  and  might  appear  distrustful  to  the  lone 
sufficiency  of  God's  word,  to  dwell  on  the  suffrages  of  science ;  as  if  the 
signature  of  the  Holy  Ghost  depended,  for  its  authentication,  upon  any 
lucubrations  of  man.  Physiology,  at  the  lowest  degree  of  the  scale,  among 
creatures,  will, show  how  the  animal  man  must  be  the  same,  in  view  of  his 
structure,  constitution  and  habits ;  birth,  life  and  death ;  every  thing  that 
touches  a  visible  existence  on  the  earth.  Philology,  at  a  higher  grade, 
tells  us  how  identical  he  must  be,  in  the  common  possession  of  a  faculty, 
which  no  other  visible  creature  possesses,  that  of  imparting  his  thoughts, 
by  the  articulate  and  connected  utterances  of  language.  Moral  Philos- 
ophy, rising  higher  yet,  evinces  how  perfectly  the  same  he  is,  in  the  sense 


of  right  and  wrong,  true  and  false ;  on  which  the  responsibilities  of  time, 
and  the  retributions  of  eternity  are  made  alike  to  hinge.  And  then,  at 
a  higher  elevation  still,  the  history  of  men  will  prove,  that  families,  tribes, 
and  nations,  in  all  times,  and  all  places  of  the  earth,  have  been  developed 
by  the  same  causes ;  and  made  to  rise  or  fall  by  the  same  influences,  for 
good  or  evil.  In  short,  the  simple  and  sublime  averment  of  the  text,  on 
which  alone  our  faith  reposes,  even  if  it  were  but  the  word  of  man,  would 
subsidize  all  that  man  discovers,  in  the  confirmation  of  its  truth. 

II.  The  Apostle  claims  for  the  Maker  of  all  men  the  right  to  govern 
them,  in  the  control  of  their  vicissitudes ;  "hath  determined  the  times  before 
appointed;"  that  is,  the  dates,  or  events  of  history — turning  points  in  the 
progress  of  nations.  Probably  the  form  of  expression  here  was  shaped  by 
a  reference,  inevitable  with  the  educated  Jew,  to  that  precise  determination 
of  time,  with  which  the  special  providence  of  God  had  ruled  the  destiny 
of  Israel.  "Know  of  a  surety,"  said  the  Most  High  to  Abram,  when 
"an  horror  of  great  darkness  fell  upon  him," — "that  thy  seed  shall  be  a 
stranger  in  a  land  that  is  not  theirs,  and  shall  serve  them ;  and  they  shall 
afflict  them  four  hundred  years ;  an^  also  that  nation,  whom  they  shall 
serve,  I  will  judge :  and  afterwards  shall  they  come  out  with  great  substance," 
(Gen.  XV.  13,  14.)  It  is  only  because  they  were  a  visibly  covenanted 
people  that  their  "times"  are  thus  explicitly  mentioned  ;  all  other  nations 
and  races  of  men  are  led,  and  overruled,  and  destined,  with  equal  precision 
of  times,  by  the  councils  of  Him,  who  hath  made  them  all  of  one  blood. 
The  illustrious  progeny  of  Shem  and  the  obscure  descendants  of  Ham,  are 
as  perfectly  alike,  in  the  parental  forecast  of  their  common  Maker,  as  they 
are  alike  in  the  weakness  of  their  birth,  the  necessities  of  their  life,  and 
the  dust  to  which  they  moulder. 

Indeed,  these  "last  times"  of  ours  would  summon  us  to  see,  in  the 
chronicles  of  the  most  abject  posterity  that  ever  sprung  from  the  unco- 
venanted  sires  of  mankind,  a  similarity  of  lot  to  the  great  covenanted 
race  of  old,  which  no  other  nation  or  race  ever  exhibited  in  its  annals. 
The  Africans  in  our  country  are  strangers  and  servants  "in  a  land  that  is 
not  theirs."  They  are  here  for  a  special  purpose,  just  as  surely  as  my 
text  is  true,  that  a  special  providence  controls  the  times  which  measure 
events  for  any  people.     That  special  purpose  resembles  the  end  for  which 


the  visible  seed  of  Abraham  were  consigned  to  bondage  in  Egypt — culture, 
preparation,  a  temporary  bondage,  to  be  terminated,  and  gloriously 
terminated ;  not,  I  hope  and  pray,  with  judgments  on  this  nation,  as  the 
plagues,  and  the  spoils,  and  the  overthrow,  avenged  the  quarrel  of  His 
covenant  on  the  tyrant  and  taskmasters  of  Egypt ;  but  in  the  way  of  re- 
leasing and  sending  back  to  their  own  land  a  people,  who  came  to  us  utterly 
destitute  of  every  thing  that  mortal  and  immortal  man  requires ;  and  go 
from  us  ladened  with  every  benefit  and  blessing  which  can  exalt  a  people 
in  the  life  that  now  is,  and  save  them  in  the  life  that  is  to  come. 

If  ever  "  the  times  before  appointed,"  in  the  lot  of  any  people,  unfolded 
themselves,  their  continuance  and  their  limitation,  alike  in  significant  events, 
the  condition  of  the  black  man  here  shows  that  neither  a  perpetual  bondage, 
nor  an  immediate  abolition,  is  the  will  of  God  concerning  him.  It  is  the 
schooling  of  slaves  in  this  Republic  which  Heaven  decreed  for  slavery, 
when  Virginia,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  all  implored  the  British 
Crown  in  vain  to  spare  these  colonies  the  curse  of  its  infliction ;  and  the 
tutelage  is  to  last  until  the  enslaved  are  able  and  willing  to  carry  back 
to  their  own  land  the  spoils  of  a  Christian  civilization. 

Slavery  itself  is  no  school.  It  only  degrades  and  destroys  the  children 
of  men.  Even  the  chosen  race  of  Israel,  who  went  down  to  Egypt,  with 
a  cultivation  which  the  second  man  in  the  kingdom  was  not  ashamed  to 
own  and  introduce  to  the  court  of  Pharaoh,  could  not  endure  the  servi- 
tude of  three  generations  after  Joseph,  without  sinking  so  low  as  to  hug 
their  chains  and  reproach  their  deliverer,  and  carry  with  them,  in  their 
exodus,  a  spirit  so  besotted  as  to  require  nearly  half  a  century  of  time  in 
the  wilderness,  to  fit  them  for  Canaan.  Look  at  slavery  by  itself  in  Africa. 
No  where  else  on  the  globe  has  it  had  the  same  time  and  chance  to  work 
out  its  own  legitimate  results.  There,  pre-eminently,  it  is  the  patriarchal 
institution;  and  proves  what  it  can  do,  to  complete  the  family,  and  give 
the  structure  of  society  a  solid  basis,  and  a  beautiful  gradation.  There  it 
is,  that  the  king  of  Dahomey  first  rung  the  changes,  which  have  been  so 
eloquently  repeated  at  Charleston  and  New  Orleans,  that  the  social  fabric 
is  not  perfect,  without  a  substratum  of  involuntary  bondage,  a  pedestal  of 
living  souls,  to  be  bought  and  sold  forever,  like  the  beasts  of  burden. 
Fetish  idolatry,  camiibal  cruelty,  the  horrid  baiTacoon,  the  stifling  middle 


8 

passage,  the  anguish  of  outraged  humanity,  without  one  pang  of  pity  iu 
the  human  breast,  are  but  a  portion  of  the  fruits  which  slavery  of  itself 
confers  upon  the  civilization  of  men. 

Give  it,  if  you  please,  a  better  opportunity  than  its  own  heathen  parent- 
age at  home ;  transfer  it  to  a  Christian  community,  without  imparting  to 
it  Christian  culture ;  and  see  if  centuries  of  experiment  will  not  leave  the 
slave  as  degraded  as  ever,  and  the  master  himself  a  monster  of  selfish, 
cruel,  and  impure  desires.  The  history  of  Jamaica  will  give  us  proof; 
In  the  course  of  the  first  three  hundred  years  of  its  history,  about  half  of 
which  there  was  Spanish  rule,  and  the  other  half  English,  the  masters, 
whether  Spanish  or  English,  conceived  it  to  be  incompatible  with  the  re- 
lation of  slavery  to  give  the  blacks  any  religious  instruction.  At  the  end 
of  this  period,  eight  hundred  thousand  slaves  had  been  imported  into  that 
island  from  Africa,  and  not  one  half  this  number  could  then  be  counted  ; 
more  than  half  the  number  from  time  to  time  had  sunk  beneath  the  lash  of 
cruelty.  The  rigors  of  bondage  were  too  hard,  even  for  the  prolific  in- 
crease of  a  serving  race.  When  slavery  is  "under  tutors  and  governors 
till  the  time  appointed,"  as  in  Egypt  of  old,  it  multiplies  its  people  with 
prodigious  increase.  And  wherever  it  is  bonded  for  perpetuity,  as  in 
Jamaica  of  the  last  century,  and  Cuba  of  this,  it  perishes  with  its  victims; 
as  if  the  God  that  made  us  could  not  bear  the  sight  of  it  beneath  his 
heavens.  Thirty  insurrections  in  Jamaica  occurred  in  the  lapse  of  one 
hundred  and  forty  years ;  scarcely  a  vestige  of  Christianity  existed  even 
among  the  whites,  and  the  blacks  themselves  were  worse  than  most  of  the 
Africans  at  home.  "I  speak  from  my  own  knowledge,"  said  Mr.  Edwards 
(historian  of  the  West  Indies)  from  his  place  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
"when  I  say  they  are  cannibals,  and  that  instead  of  listening  to  a  mission- 
ary, they  would  certainly  eat  him."  When  the  British  mind  was  at  length 
awakened  earnestly,  to  the  calls  of  humanity  and  decency,  in  dealing  with 
this  dependency,  and  did  send  the  Christian  missionary,  the  rancor  of  those 
English  masters  became  furious,  tore  down  the  chapels  with  violence,  and 
persecuted  the  man  of  God,  as  if  he  had  come  with  the  torch  of  the  incen- 
diary, instead  of  the  redeeming  light  of  the  Gospel.  Such  was  slavery,  even 
in  the  bosom  of  Christendom,  when  left  to  work  out  its  own  "times"  and 
events. 


9 

Bu\  now  on  the  other  hand,  look  at  the  trial  of  immediate  emancipation, 
without  preparing  the  slave  for  freedom,  by  the  education  for  which  the 
purpose  of  God  brought  him  here,  a  savage  in  chains.  Would  you  pre- 
fer to  ste  him  attaining  "liberty  and  equality,"  by  himseif,  without  mix- 
ture of  bbod,  on  the  soil  which  he  had  tilled  for  generations,  by  the  sweat  of 
his  brow  !i,nd  the  lash  of  his  overseer  ?  Look  at  Hayti ;  where  the  fetters 
of  slavery  Vere  broken  off  at  once,  by  the  Constituent  Assembly  of  France. 
In  less  than  half  a  century  her  industry  and  commerce  were  annihilated  ; 
the  Sabbath,  the  family,  and  the  school,  were  abolished ;  the  missionaries 
of  the  cross-ApBaptist,  Methodist  and  Episcopalian — were  expelled  with 
bitter  persecution ;  thousands  of  free  blacks  from  the  United  States, 
almost  as  many  as  have  gone  to  Liberia  since  its  origin,  in  less  than  twenty 
years  had  sunt  to  the  same  besotted  level ;  and  at  length  a  despot  was 
enthroned,  with  barbaric  pomp,  and  remorseless  tyranny,  and  the  worship 
of  devils  for  his  creed;  until  the  whole  community  seemed  to  touch  the 
bottom  of  a  degradation,  as  foul  and  hideous  as  ever  had  been  revealed  in 
the  land  of  their  African  fathers.  We  hail  with  gladness  a  revolution  for 
the  better  which  has  lately  occurred ;  but  the  annals  of  Hayti  have  already 
given  the  indelible  lesson,  that  a  republic  of  black  men  erected  at  once, 
by  an  unschooled  and  unprepared  emancipation,  is  but  a  pilloried  equality, 
set  up  for  a  gazing  stock  and  a  scorn  among  the  nations  of  the  earth. 

But  would  you  prefa"  to  see  him  attain  liberty  and  equality  in  the  home 
of  his  master  ;  to  see  the  dominant  and  the  subjugated  races  remain  upon 
the  same  soil,  with  the  same  immunities  of  social,  civil  and  political  rights, 
and  of  course,  amalgamation,  like  that  of  the  Norman  and  the  Saxon 
races ;  which  has  invariably  followed  this  blending  of  people,  however 
opposite  the  original  stocks?  Look  at  Mexico;  where  the  proud  Castil- 
ian,  the  subjugated  Indian,  and  the  barbarous  African  slave,  were  all  made 
free  and  equal  just  about  one  generation,  or  thirty-two  years  ago ;  by  a 
single  decree,  to  meet  what  was  considered  "a  military  necessity.''  More 
than  half  of  the  whole  population  is  already  mixed  blooded ;  and  just  as 
amalgamation  advances,  degradation  deepens;  anarchy  prevails;  laws, 
constitutions,  and  the  ballot  box  are  a  mockery ;  wave  after  wave  of  mili- 
tary despotism  has  left  that  Republic,  of  more  than  eight  million  souls,  on 
the  fairest  region  under  heaven,  for  the  acquisition  of  wealth  and  glory, 


10 

without  money,  without  credit,  without  commerce,  without  union,  without 
religion,  until  at  length  the  ambition  of  Spain,  herself,  seeks  to  remand 
the  abject  people  to  their  old  repudiated  thraldom. 

These  are  some  providential  indications  beside  us,  that  neither  slavery 
perpetuated,  for  its  own  sake,  nor  slavery  abolished,  before  its  subjects  are 
educated  for  freedom,  will  comport  with  the  determination  cf  God  our 
Maker,  in  "the  times  before  appointed,"  for  the  African  people  in  these 
United  States.  It  is  slavery  at  school,  which  he  intends,  in  allowing  slavery 
at  all  in  such  a  nation  as  this — at  school,  for  a  limited  time  to  be  measured 
by  the  bondmen's  own  susceptibilities — at  school,  in  the  lx)som  of  that 
Christian  civilization  which  speaks  the  English  language  ani  its  idioms  of 
regulated  liberty — at  school,  with  an  obligation  on  the  masters  to  be  their 
teachers,  and  to  hasten  the  tuition — at  school,  for  all  the  v  orld  besides,  to 
follow  this  tutelage ;  not  with  a  similar  oppression  as  in  these  Northern 
States,  which  makes  the  freedman  despised  among  freeiuen,  as  long  as  he 
differs  in  color  ;  nor  yet  with  an  alloy  of  the  dominant  race,  which  his  con- 
stitution repels,  and  his  prejudice  aljhors  ;  but  with  thit  inevitable  exodus 
from  the  house  of  bondage,  to  a  land  that  is  their  own,  which  colonization 
proposes  to  guide  and  furnish,  and  succor  and  defend. 

III.  This  leads  me  to  the  third  point  in  the  teacliing  of  the  text — that 
special  providence  which  iixes  the  place  of  each  people  on  the  face  of  the 
earth,  "the  bounds  of  their  habitation."  The  most  obvious  proof  of  this, 
in  regard  to  the  people  of  which  we  speak  at  present,  and  one  which  forces 
itself  upon  the  candor  of  all  unprejudiced  men,  is  the  stamp  of  features, 
and  structure  of  skin,  which  God  has  made  to  dwell  within  the  tropics  of 
our  globe.  The  longest  line  of  descent  from  the  slave,  as  originally  im- 
ported, has  not  altered  these  claims  of  our  equator  upon  her  sable  sons 
and  daughters;  nor  failed  to  remind  us,  that  their  dispersion  over  North 
America  is  really  a  forced  migration,  even  iu  the  sunny  South ;  and  much 
more  in  the  Boreal  frosts  of  Canada.  Stupor,  and  squalor,  rheumatism, 
and  consumption,  prey  upon  these  exiles,  just  in  proportion  as  they  ascend 
our  latitudes ;  even  with  all  the  animation  that  freedom,  whether  allowed 
or  snatched,  can  impart  to  their  nature.  No  one,  it  seems  to  me,  who 
watches  the  negro,  anywhere  upon  our  temperate  zone,  in  the  dead  of 


11 

winter,  can  help  a  surmise,  that  the  God  of  nature  has  another  destination 
in  store  for  the  development  of  his  constitutional  energies. 

But  Africa  needs  him,  still  more  than  he  needs  Africa.  She  stretches 
forth  her  hands,  not  for  the  races,  that  can  but  touch  her  shore,  and  could 
but  subjugate  her  people ;  but  for  the  return  of  her  own  children,  to  the 
latest  generations.  She  says,  in  her  own  peculiar  sense,  to  the  North  give 
up,  to  the  South  keep  not  back,  bring  my  sons  from  far  and  my  daughters 
from  the  ends  of  the  earth.  That  poor  mother  of  slaves  came  out  of  the 
original  chaos,  a  solitary  continent ;  which  of  all  other  divisions  of  the 
globe,  is  the  least  susceptible  of  benefit  from  strangers.  If  you  look  at 
her  shape  on  the  map  of  the  world,  you  see  it  rounded  and  concentrated 
upon  itself;  without  peninsulas,  and  inland  seas,  entering  from  the  ocean, 
with  the  reach  of  commerce  and  its  civilizing  influence  to  her  inmost 
recesses,  showing  that  nothing  can  redeem  and  exalt  her,  but  forces  from 
within,  the  attainment  of  art  and  science,  and  religion,  by  her  own  returned 
and  indigenous  populations.  She  has  but  one  mile  of  coast  for  every  six 
hundred  and  twenty-three  miles  of  surface;  while  Europe  has  one  mile  of 
coast  for  every  hundred  and  fifty-six  miles  of  surface — evincing  that  the 
advantage  of  Europe,  in  emerging  from  barbarism  to  the  glory  of  Christian 
civilization,  is  four  times  as  great,  by  the  very  lines  of  the  earth,  which 
become  "the  bounds  of  her  habitation." 

And  it  is  not,  surely,  because  the  vast  interior  of  Africa  is  a  sterile 
waste,  that  her  mighty  contour  fences  off,  in  this  way,  the  keels  and  canvas 
of  the  nations.  Discoveries  every  year,  by  Livingstone,  Barth,  Burton, 
Andersson,  and  other  truthful  adventurers,  prove  that  her  soil  is  rich  beyond 
comparison,  that  her  rivers  are  deep  enough  and  long  enough  to  bear  the 
freight  of  empires  on  their  bosom ;  and  in  short,  that  she  needs  only  the 
elevation  of  man  by  the  interaction  of  men,  who  can  stand  her  suns  and 
breathe  her  vapours,  to  become  the  garden  of  this  globe,  and  bless  all  the 
ends  of  the  earth  with  her  inexhaustible  abundance. 

It  is  the  land  of  promise  at  this  moment  of  sublunary  time.  Discoveries 
have  exhaused  the  new  world.  This  hemisphere  is  booked  within  and 
without  by  an  indefatigable  topography,  which  henceforth  may  rest,  till 
the  planet  itself  is  changed.  But  Africa  now  fixes  on  herself  that  curious 
and  restless  and  excited  gaze,  which  America  has  held,  for  three  centuries 


12 

and  a  half,  and  which  has  never  failed  in  history  to  draw  after  it  the  tides 
of  immigration,  and  the  utmost  energies  of  human  enterprize.  Shall  the 
instincts  of  humanity  be  powerless,  because  it  is  an  old  world  that  is  now 
thrown  open  to  enlightened  men  ?  Shall  the  migratory  impulse  of  manly 
souls  be  repressed,  because  a  mother,  instead  of  a  daugliter,  pleads,  and 
the  plea  reaches  from  ten  thousand  cemeteries  of  ancestral  pride,  for  one 
race  alone  to  return,  and  take  the  last  El  Dorado,  which  the  measuring 
line  of  man's  adventure  can  reach  upon  the  face  of  the  earth  ? 

Conceive  it  possible  that  when  Columbus,  Raleigh,  and  Hudson,  had 
reported  this  continent  of  ours  to  the  people  of  Europe,  some  intimation 
had  been  given,  that  only  one  particular  race  of  that  continent  could  live 
and  thrive  in  this  one — some  intimation  but  half  as  palpable  as  that  which 
designates  the  black  man  for  Africa;  think  you,  that  particular  people 
would  have  hesitated  to  venture  on  the  magnificent  inheritance  which  God 
had  given  to  them  alone  ?  Would  they  not  have  risen  up  in  a  day  and 
rushed  upon  their  destination  here  until  not  a  soul  was  left  to  linger,  where 
any  other  race  competed  for  the  bounds  of  a  habitation  ?  And  can  it  be, 
that  even  if  the  black  man  were  equal  to  the  white  man  here  in  social, 
civil,  and  political  advantages,  he  would  stay  an  hour  to  compete  for 
places  and  positions,  when  empires  of  wealth  and  happiness  and  glory  on 
the  earth,  are  thrown  open  to  him  yonder  without  a  rival  ? 

Let  it  not  be  said  that  he  returns  to  a  land  of  reprobation.     There  is 

no  curse  on  Africa,  to  preclude  the  utmost  grandeur  aud  felicity,  in  the 

future  of  her  races.     Egypt  may  have  a  doom  still  resting  upon  her,  and 

Lybia,  Numidia,  and  Mauritania,  all  the  Northern  shore,  from  the  Nile  to 

the  Straits  of  Hercules;  wherever  the  Gospel   was   spread,    and   then 

extinguished  by  man.     But  no  curse  ever  yet  resulted  on  that  glowing 

tropical  belt  where  we  urge  the  black  man  to  go  with  the  light  of  Christian 

civilization.     No  history  is  there,  to  bode  some  viol  of  unexpiated  wrath, 

which  buried  empires  had  been  too  frail  to  suffer  and  exhaust.     All  is  fresh 

in  the  hope,  which  returns  with  these  captives.     The  race  now  lifts  up  its 

head,  for  the  time  appointed  when  its  turn  shall  come  to  wield  the  rod  of 

empire. 

"  Muse!  take  the  harp  of  prophecy :   Behold ! 
The  glories  of  a  brighter  age  unfold : 
Friends  of  the  outcast !  view  the  accomplished  plan, 
The  Negro  towering  to  the  height  of  man." 


13 

The  last  hope  of  humanity  is  not  fighting  here  for  existence,  as  we  are 
often  told.  Freedom  has  another  home.  She  has  never  yet  spread  her 
tents  along  the  equator.  Let  her  eagles  gaze  upon  the  sun,  where  the  sun 
is  at  home,  with  his  perennial  fruits  and  flowers.  Who  knows,  but  that 
a  mighty  tropical  Republic  is  just  what  this  reeling  planet  needs,  to  make 
it  steady  and  peaceful ;  to  fix  the  balance  of  power  at  the  centre  of  the 
earth,  and  thence  govern  to  the  poles  with  a  reign  of  order  and  righteous- 
ness. 

The  experiment  is  made.  Finley,  Caldwell,  and  Key,  were  true  pro- 
phets. And  so  was  their  first  agent,  the  sainted  and  heroic  Mills,  who 
just  forty-four  years  ago  this  month,  said,  as  he  was  embarking  in  this 
city  on  the  ship  Electra,  "  we  go,  to  lay  the  foundation  of  a  free  and  in- 
dependent Empire,  on  the  coast  of  poor  degraded  Africa."  The  Republic 
of  Liberia  is  at  this  moment  the  most  promising  and  prosperous  govern- 
ment in  the  world.  It  has  copied  all  that  is  wise  and  good  in  our  institu- 
tions and  history.  It  has  avoided  the  pernicious  evil.  Instead  of  touching 
the  aborigines  of  the  land,  only  to  defraud,  debase,  and  exterminate  them, 
it  has  embraced  them,  with  a  quick  and  redeeming  civilization,  which  was 
never  equalled  in  the  chronicles  of  human  progress.  Instead  of  starting 
on  its  high  career,  with  the  seeds  of  dissolution  in  its  own  bosom,  pestilent 
theories,  to  destroy  it  in  the  vigor  of  youth,  or  necessitate  the  pangs  of 
another  birth,  before  its  manhood  is  reached,  it  has  waited  in  its  weakness, 
for  the  solution  of  every  problem,  for  the  sifting  of  every  objection,  for  the 
detection  of  every  bane,  until  at  length  it  moves,  without  one  fear  of  fail- 
ure ;  and  every  great  power  on  the  globe  stands  by  to  give  it  speed  and 
safety.  Never  did  any  colony  make  a  beginning  so  hopeful  and  auspi- 
cious. It  has  had  better  health,  than  either  Plymouth  or  Jamestown  had, 
at  the  beginning ;  better  agriculture,  than  either  Carolina  or  Louisiana 
had  upon  their  virgin  soils  in  the  bush ;  better  trade  and  commerce,  than 
either  New  York  or  Philadelphia  had,  in  the  first  forty  years  of  mercantile 
adventure ;  better  education  than  Massachusetts  or  Connecticut  had,  in 
the  first  half  century  of  their  institutions  ;  better  Christianity,  in  its  free- 
dom, simplicity,  and  power  combined,  than  any  people  ever  had  in  the 
cradle  since  the  days  of  the  Apostles ;  these  are  but  some  of  the  first 
things  in  the  destiny  of  this  young  black  Republic. 


14 

Nor  is  it  a  mere  handful  of  freeclmen,  aping  the  usages  of  their  quondam 
masters,  and  existing  by  the  sufferance  of  the  nations,  as  an  act  of  mag- 
nanimity towards  an  insignificant  people.  Already  it  is  conceded  that 
the  state  papers  of  the  Liberian  President  compare  well  with  any  similar 
documents  of  President  or  Premier,  in  the  most  cultivated  cabinets  of 
Christendom.  Already  it  is  felt,  that  this  infant  government  is  as  much 
a  necessity  in  the  family  of  nations,  as  any  other  independence  on  the  face 
of  the  globe.  It  is  needed,  to  unlock  the  gates  of  a  commerce,  the  most 
rich  and  varied,  that  ever  yet  ladened  the  ships  of  the  merchant.  It  is 
needed,  to  stifle  the  most  atrocious  robbery  and  wrong,  that  ever  cor- 
rupted the  welfare  of  nations — that  accursed  slave  trade,  which  it  has  cost 
the  nations  ten  times  more,  on  every  other  six  hundred  miles  of  African 
coast,  to  repress  by  their  squadrons,  than  all  that  has  ever  yet  been  ex- 
pended for  Liberia  ;  and  even  then  the  work  has  not  been  done  half  so 
well.  Look  at  the  most  recent  facts  of  this  nature.  Cargoes  of  recaptured 
slaves,  Congoes  and  others,  amounting  in  all  to  some  forty-five  hundred 
souls,  one  third  of  the  whole  citizenship  of  Inberia,  have  been  cast  upon 
its  lap,  in  less  than  a  twelvemonth  ;  and  already,  "they  go  to  their  schools, 
crowd  their  churches,  and  adopt  their  dress,  speak  their  English,"  marry 
their  daughters,  and  stand  redeemed  in  all  the  dignity  of  Christian  families. 
And  instead  of  depressing  themselves  they  only  gather  fresh  energies  from 
this  rapid  assimilation;  and  President  Benson  declares,  they  could  receive 
twenty  thousand  in  this  manner  without  detriment  to  their  own  civilization. 
Verily,  here  it  is,  that  a  nation  is  born  in  a  day  ;  and  here  it  is,  that  all 
nations  must  guaranty  enduring  nationality,  if  they  would  keep  the  pulse 
of  humanity  beating  at  the  rate  of  sound  health  and  long  life  to  all  living 
flesh. 

And  it  must  be  added,  that  the  only  great  power  on  earth  which  has 
hitherto  refused  to  acknowledge  the  independence  of  Liberia,  is  really  the 
most  dependent  of  all,  upon  the  success  and  aggrandizement  of  that  young- 
Republic.  Never  did  a  mother  so  soon  begin  to  lean  upon  a  daughter  for 
aid  and  comfort,  as  the  United  States  are  compelled  to  lean  upon  Liberia, 
for  ultimate  help  and  relief — cure  in  her  sickness — a  staff  in  her  tottering — 
a  refuge  in  her  tempest  and  consternation. 

Such  are  some  of  the  attractions,  with  which  colonization  would  per- 


15 

suade  the  free  colored  people,  to  return  to  the  land  of  their  fathers ;  and 
of  their  own  choice,  concur  with  the  manifest  determination  of  heaven,  to 
fix  there  the  bounds  of  their  habitation.  But  even  without  such  attractions, 
there  is  a  necessity  that  they  return — a  compulsion  of  circumstances,  which 
nothing  relieves,  but  the  prospect  and  plans  of  this  benevolent  agency. 
The  black  man  cannot  stay  here.  The  South  will  not  allow  him  to  re- 
main, with  his  shackles  broken  off".  All  her  statesmen,  from  that  day  of 
Washington  and  Jefferson,  when  slavery  was  considered  a  canker  in  the 
body  politic,  to  this  day  of  Davis  and  Stephens,  when  it  is  claimed  to  be 
the  very  basis  of  the  best  reconstruction — all  are  of  one  mind,  in  regard  to 
the  manumitted  negro  ;  that  he  must  go  from  them ;  for  the  sake  of  their 
own  safety,  at  well  as  his  beneficial  enlargement.  The  House  of  Delegates 
in  Yirginia  signalized  the  last  day  of  the  last  century,  with  a  resolution  to 
this  effect.  And  all  the  wise,  and  the  great,  and  the  good  men,  who  have 
ever  appeared  in  the  South  as  the  negroes'  friends — Thornton,  Jefferson, 
Madison,  Monroe,  Pendleton,  "Wythe,  Lee,  Marshall,  Clay,  Crawford, — 
all,  without  exception,  have  insisted  that  the  free  blacks  must  be  removed, 
and  colonized  by  themselves.  Some  thought  of  St.  Domingo  ;  some  of 
Louisiana,  beyond  the  Mississippi ;  some  of  Sierra  Leone,  upon  the  Af- 
rican shore  ;  where  Great  Britain  had  made  the  first  experiment  of  settling 
the  colored  "contrabands,"  who  had  fled  to  her  ranks  in  the  war  of  our 
independence.  And  at  length  the  very  same  great  anti-slavery  mind  that 
had  incorporated  in  the  first  draught  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
the  entail  of  slavery  upon  us,  by  the  British  crown,  as  one  of  the  worst 
enormities  in  the  whole  catalogue  of  colonial  wrongs — Mr.  Jefferson, 
eleven  years  before  Liberia  was  purchased,  and  five  years  before  a  Society 
was  formed,  gave  to  his  country  the  thought,  of  a  separate  American 
settlement  in  Africa.  Would,  that  the  next  great  thought,  of  the  next 
greatest  Virginian,  had  been  equally  oracular ;  that  of  Chief  Justice 
Marshall,  who  wished  and  advised,  that  all  the  lands  which  Yirginia  had 
given  the  United  States,  worth  $200,000,000,  should  be  given,  to  the 
whole  extent  of  their  proceeds,  for  the  purposes  of  colonization  !  Had 
this  been  done,  the  legions  of  the  great  North  Western  territory  would 
not  this  day  be  marshalled  in  deadly  feud  against  that  mother  of  States, 
and  the  hosts  of  rebellion  gathered  on  her  bosom. 


16 

But  the  North  is  intolerant  as  the  South,  to  the  negro  freeman.  The 
last  twenty  years  of  legislation  and  conventions  at  the  North  have  piled 
up  more  enactments  against  the  equal  rights  of  the  Africans,  than  any 
century  of  intolerant  legislation,  in  the  dark  ages  of  Europe,  ever  accumu- 
lated against  the  persecuted  Jew.  And  even  where  he  is  allowed  to 
live  at  all,  how  galling  the  disfranchisement,  and  how  menial  the  thrift, 
we  compel  him  to  abide  by  !  Inexorable  caste  precludes  him  from  every 
thing,  that  kindles  the  aspirations  of  freemen — from  all  rank  and  honor 
and  power,  and  even  eminent  usefulness — from  everything  but  the  ac- 
quisition of  pelf,  by  the  meanest  handicrafts  of  life. 

Nothing  but  colonization  in  Africa,  will  open  a  great  and  effectual 
door  to  voluntary  manumission  at  the  South.  Nothing  but  colonization 
in  Africa,  will  open  a  great  and  effectual  door  to  voluntary  justice,  at  the 
North.  The  master  will  not  emancipate  his  chattel,  to  be  spumed  where- 
ever  he  may  roam.  The  abolitionist  will  not  receive  the  freedman,  if  he 
be  a  black  beneficiary,  to  equal  rights,  anywhere  on  this  side  of  the  At- 
lantic. And  thus  it  is  that  He,  who  has  determined  these  "times  before 
appointed,"  has  also  determined,  by  the  manifest  movements  of  necessity 
on  every  hand,  "the  bounds  of  their  habitation"  to  be  in  the  home  of  their 
fathers. 

IV.  And  who,  that  loves  the  kingdom  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  will 
not  acquiesce  in  all  necessities,  which  go  to  spread  "  the  glorious  Gospel 
of  the  blessed  God  ?"  This  is  the  aim,  this  the  consummation  of  all  that 
special  Providence,  which  brings  good  out  of  evil,  in  working  for  every 
"  afflicted  and  poor  people."  If  in  the  times  of  ignorance,  at  which  God 
winked,  the  constant  indication  of  unity  in  creating  and  a  special  Provi- 
dence in  ordering  the  destiny  of  every  people,  was  enough  to  excite  the 
benighted  heathen  to  seek  after  God,  when  there  was  but  a  chance,  "if 
haply,"  they  might  find  him,  how  much  more  should  such  a  demonstra- 
tion now,  of  a  common  blood,  and  a  special  care  of  the  Most  High  for 
such  a  trodden  race  as  this,  awake  the  world  to  seek  after  him,  when 
there  is  a  perfect  certainty  of  finding  him  ?  Along  with  the  Gospel,  as  it 
goes  with  redeeming  light  to  Africa,  will  be  the  story  of  another  exodus, 
a  New  Testament  exodus,  for  the  world  to  hear,  and  for  the  ransomed  of 
that  continent  to  teach  their  children  and  children's  children,  to  all  gene- 


17 

rations.  How  vast  a  theme  of  adoriug  gratitude,  and  love,  and  obliga- 
tion, and  instruction  too,  did  the  deliverance  of  Israel  from  bondage  in 
Egypt  add  to  the  precious  light  of  revealed  religion  which  they  carried 
back  to  Palestine  !  The  preface  to  the  ten  commandments,  God's  eter- 
nal law,  was  itself  couched,  at  Horeb,  in  the  fact  of  this  their  special 
deliverance.  Migrations  are  the  best  of  missions.  Even  if  the  white 
man  could  live  as  a  missionary  on  the  African  coast,  which  is  impossible, 
beyond  the  average  of  four  years ;  even  if  the  returning  sons  of  Africa 
should  prove  incompetent  forever,  to  make  the  grammars  and  translate 
the  Scriptures  into  vernacular  tongues,  which  is  incredible,  if  not  absurd ; 
still  would  it  be  a  larger  and  better  and  dearer  Christianity,  which  eman- 
cipated bands  of  Africans  take  home,  than  any  the  white  man  could 
give  ;  being  illustrated  with  this  grand  development  of  divine  goodness 
and  faithfulness  to  the  tribes  of  Ethiopia. 

Its  missionary  aspects  alone  are  enough  to  enlist  the  ardor  and  liberality 
of  every  Christian  man,  for  this  cause  of  colonization  in  Africa.  Its 
patriotism,  its  philanthropy,  its  worldly  wisdom,  its  whole  assemblage  of 
merits  and  values,  the  rarest  and  best  that  ever  combined  in  any  society 
of  man's  organization,  have  been  so  i)alpable  and  imposing,  upon  the 
minds  of  its  friends,  and  the  passions  of  its  enemies,  that  its  grandest 
claim  of  all,  for  which  alone  it  should  be  cherished  and  promoted,  if 
every  thing  besides  in  its  history  had  been  foolishness,  to  this  hour,  has 
been  strangely  imappreciated.  In  its  day  of  small  things,  for  the  spread 
of  his  kingdom  and  the  knowledge  of  himself,  behold  "what  God  hath 
wrought !"  Devil  worship  and  brutal  violence  have  already  fled  from  six 
himdred  miles  of  the  benighted  coast ;  and  churches,  and  schools,  and  a 
college  now  dot  the  whole  conquest ;  and  invite,  with  wonderful  success, 
two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  heathen,  under  its  jurisdiction,  to  accept 
the  light  and  liberty  of  the  Gospel.  And  far  beyond  the  selvage  of  that 
evangelized  and  evangelizing  shore,  the  preachers  of  Jesus  Christ  have 
penetrated  the  interior,  and  have  already  been  hailed  with  welcome,  by  the 
barbarous  idolators,  who  swarm  upon  its  fertile  hills  and  valleys. 

Let  it  be  remembered,  that  the  majority    of  American  Africans  in 
Liberia,  are  emancipated  slaves  from  the  Southern  States.     The  prouder 
2 


18 

intelligence  of  Northern  freemen  among  the  blacks,  infatnated  with  the 
dream  of  attaining  equal  rights  on  this  continent,  has  hitherto  disdained, 
for  the  most  part,  the  benefit  of  colonization.  It  is  the  poor  slave  that  has 
done  this  great  thing  for  Africa,  "  whereof  we  are  glad. "  And  if  so,  is  not 
his  education  for  which  alone,  as  we  have  seen,  the  Almighty  Maker  allows 
him  to  be  in  bondage  here,  far  advanced  ?  The  proportion  of  Protestant 
Christianity,  as  indicated  by  the  number  of  its  professors  in  the  United 
States,  is  just  about  as  large  at  this  moment  among  the  blacks,  as  among 
the  whites — about  one  for  every  eight  souls.  This,  at  the  present  fearful 
crisis,  demands  attention,  as  a  marvellous  indication  of  the  Most  High. 
Take  up  the  whole  African  population  of  these  embattled  States,  both  free 
and  slave,  the  four  millions  and  an  half,  and  put  them  down,  just  as  they 
now  are,  upon  the  continent  of  Africa,  and  that  desert  would  "  rejoice  and 
blossom  as  the  rose."  Larger  than  the  whole  population  of  the  American 
colonies  when  we  achieved  our  independence — larger  than  the  whole  popu- 
lation of  church  members,  when  our  Christianity  undertook  to  pervade  this 
continent,  is  now  this  leaven,  so  disturbing  to  us,  and  destructive  to  our 
peace  ;  but  large  enough  and  pure  enough  to  be  cast  now  with  trans- 
forming power  upon  that  mighty  lump — the  whole  continent  of  Africa. 
Colonization,  under  God,  in  this  dark  hour,  is  the  only  hope  of  America. 
If  the  Federal  Constitution  is  to  be  vindicated  and  re-established,  and  a 
cordon  stronger  than  ever  is  to  be  drawn  around  the  existing  area  of 
slavery,  this  cause  alone,  so  dear  to  patriotic  men  of  the  South  in  the  past 
generation,  will  penetrate  that  circle  and  again  call  from  the  bosom  of 
oppression  nearly  two  to  one,  that  she  can  find  at  the  North,  for  the  home 
she  has  provided  in  Liberia ;  and  again  obtain  from  the  dying  slave-holder 
the  munificent  bequest  of  the  whole  plantation — the  slaves  to  go,  and  the 
lands  to  bear  the  cost,  of  preparing,  and  conveying,  and  settling  them. 
But  if  it  be  otherwise,  in  the  purpose  of  Him,  who  "hath  determined  the 
times  before  appointed  " — if  the  "  Contrabands  of  War  "  shall  be  numerous 
even  as  the  whole  population  of  slaves  in  the  revolted  States;  if  millions 
were  to  be  released  to-morrow,  and  come  trooping  to  the  side  of  Federal 
power  and  victory — Colonization  is  the  only  scheme  within  the  whole 
compass  of  man's  imagination  which  would  not  be  confounded  with  such 


19 

a  result.  It  has  room  for  them  all.  It  has  work  for  them  nil.  It  has 
all  things  ready — foundations  laid — methods  matured — instrumentalities 
organized — experiments  perfectly  assured — aims  as  elevated  as  the  ever- 
lasting Gospel  itself;  and  it  only  asks  for  half  the  money  which  this 
dreadful  war  will  cost,  to  relieve  the  country  of  its  fatal  causes  forever. 


